{"id":1263,"date":"2022-03-04T04:46:58","date_gmt":"2022-03-04T09:46:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wpdemo.archiwp.com\/onum\/?p=1263"},"modified":"2023-04-10T11:32:48","modified_gmt":"2023-04-10T15:32:48","slug":"rubber-quality-control-using-the-payne-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/blog\/rubber-quality-control-using-the-payne-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"Rubber Quality Control Using the Payne Effect"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1263\" class=\"elementor elementor-1263\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-681d5054 ot-traditional elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"681d5054\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16bfe135 ot-flex-column-vertical\" data-id=\"16bfe135\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f8ef5b elementor-section-full_width ot-traditional elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f8ef5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e8692f ot-flex-column-vertical\" data-id=\"2e8692f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53794bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"53794bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Alpha-Engineer-with-arms-crossed-near-Premier-RPA-dilip-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-13896\" alt=\"Alpha-Engineer-with-arms-crossed-near-Premier-RPA-dilip\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-50af64b ot-column-items-center ot-flex-column-vertical\" data-id=\"50af64b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0778e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0778e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Author <\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7affb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7affb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dilip Dhupia<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a2b1e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a2b1e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Application Engineer, India<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdccb5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bdccb5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4d40e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4d40e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dispersion of fillers is crucial and often a challenge for rubber processors. Measuring the Payne effect of rubber compounds can be used to monitor the quality of filer dispersion for process development and control. Read on to learn more about the Payne effect and how a Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA) can be a valuable tool to measure dispersion in your lab and how to determine if the RPA meets the ASTM sensitivity requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8332423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8332423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f68ff54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f68ff54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Filler Dispersion is Critical for Rubber Quality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4726b6a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4726b6a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The rubber industry universally uses batch processing techniques to manufacture a wide range of products. The first step involved is mixing and preparing the \u201cdough.\u201d During this stage the rubber forms a continuous matrix with other ingredients as they are added and dispersed in the rubber.<\/p><p>The incorporation of fillers such as carbon black generally gives improved strength, extensibility, fatigue resistance, abrasion resistance, and other desirable properties. But to effectively influence the rubber compound, the filler must be sufficiently dispersed.<\/p><p>Figure 1 shows a typical mixing graph for an internal mixture.\u00a0Mixing initiates from mastication\/blend homogenization. The rubber is sheared, and the macromolecule is broken down to produce easier flow. The mixing process terminates once dispersion is complete, and the mixed batch is discharged for testing and downstream processing.<\/p><p>A phenomenon known as the Payne effect can be used to determine if you actually achieved your mission in the mixer by achieving the desired dispersion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-765ab18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"765ab18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5800868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5800868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-1-Mixing-Graph-of-rubber.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-13448\" alt=\"typical mixing graph in an internal rubber mixture\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-1-Mixing-Graph-of-rubber.jpg 638w, https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-1-Mixing-Graph-of-rubber-300x218.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da99e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da99e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>FIGURE 1:\u00a0 <\/strong>Typical mixing profile for an internal mixer<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aa7231 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9aa7231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7b7e4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7b7e4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Does the Payne Effect Correlate to Rubber Mixing Quality?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36ac4b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36ac4b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Payne effect is defined as a reduction in the storage modulus (denoted as G\u2019) that occurs in a filled rubber compound with an increase in strain on the material. Above a critical strain value, the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing strain and starts to level out at large deformations.\u00a0 Figure 2 gives an illustration of how this strain softening process might look for a generic compound.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84131f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a84131f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e8c200 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e8c200\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-3-Paune-Feect-is-quantitifed-web-768x328.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-13469\" alt=\"Payne Effect is quantified by subtracting G\u2019\u221e from G\u20190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-3-Paune-Feect-is-quantitifed-web-768x328.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-3-Paune-Feect-is-quantitifed-web-300x128.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-3-Paune-Feect-is-quantitifed-web-720x308.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Figure-3-Paune-Feect-is-quantitifed-web.jpg 835w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c29c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c29c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>FIGURE 2:\u00a0<\/strong>Payne effect displayed as a reduction in modulus with increasing strain for different grades of carbon black.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce4a562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ce4a562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc1f3e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc1f3e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This behavior occurs because as strain is applied to the\u00a0compound, undispersed filler particles are further broken down when strain is increased.\u00a0 The magnitude of the Payne effect is measured as the difference between the upper and lower value of storage modulus. A low value for Payne effect indicates better filler-rubber (FR) interaction while high value indicates better filler-filler (FF) interaction.\u00a0 Better FR interaction (lower Payne effect) is desired for consistent downstream processing of the rubber compound. Larger deviations from the specified range may result in increased process scrap and inconsistent product performance.\u00a0<\/p><p>The ability to measure filler dispersion through the polymeric matrix, as well as the measurement of any reactions occurring in the mixer is essential for quality control.\u00a0 Without a good mix, the properties of the cured compounds are typically inferior and may even fail to meet product specifications.\u00a0 This is why it is necessary to establish a repeatable and reproducible test to measure dispersion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893093b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"893093b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34780a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"34780a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Measuring Dispersion Using a Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64b3883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64b3883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Payne effect sounds helpful. So, how do we measure it?<\/p><p>Unfortunately, Mooney Viscometers and standard MDRs can\u2019t measure the Payne Effect.<\/p><p>Fortunately, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) introduced<a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8059-19.html\"> ASTM D8059<\/a> which outlines how to measure the Payne effect in rubber compounds using a Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA) in oscillating shear mode. In an RPA, the strain is applied by a rotating die that oscillates at increasingly wider angles of arc to produce torque measurements at the different levels of strain required to measure the Payne effect. Figure 3 shows an example of an increasing strain profile.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6c1d5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f6c1d5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-325cee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"325cee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Payne-Effect-sinusoidal-strain-image-web.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-13455\" alt=\"Payne Effect sinusoidal strain\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Payne-Effect-sinusoidal-strain-image-web.jpg 323w, https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Payne-Effect-sinusoidal-strain-image-web-300x201.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba819b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba819b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>FIGURE 3:\u00a0<\/strong> Strain sweep profile typical in Payne effect measurement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b201cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1b201cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2d0d23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2d0d23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As mentioned above, the Payne effect is observed as the decrease in storage modulus (G\u2019) in a highly-reinforced, uncured rubber compound as we increase the strain during a dynamic mechanical test.<\/p>\n<p>Factors that are known to affect the Payne effect include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Total mixing energy (time, equipment design, etc.). Higher mixing energy will show a lower Payne effect.<\/li>\n<li>The composition of the rubber compound.&nbsp; The Payne effect is higher for higher filler loadings and diminishes to zero for unfilled rubber.<\/li>\n<li>The degree of reaction between organosilane and precipitated, hydrated silica during mixing. Higher silane couplings show a lower Payne effect.<\/li>\n<li>Structure and type of filler.&nbsp; Figure 4 below shows how the Payne effect is observed for three different types of carbon black.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73139f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"73139f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8676f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b8676f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Payne-Effect-Figure-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-13462\" alt=\"Payne effect for different grades of carbon black\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Payne-Effect-Figure-2.jpg 497w, https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Payne-Effect-Figure-2-300x196.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bef43f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bef43f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>FIGURE 4:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Payne effect displayed as a reduction in modulus with increasing strain for different grades of carbon black.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ba0ac6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3ba0ac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8d62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8d62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To fully meet ASTM D8059, the instrument must be capable of producing a strain values as low as \u00b10.005 degrees (0.07% strain) to show the upper plateau of the curve (G\u2019<sub>0<\/sub>).\u00a0 These small strains can produce very low torque readings, so they require a highly sensitive instrument.\u00a0 RPAs produce readings known as complex torque and are denoted as S*.\u00a0 You can verify your instrument has sufficient sensitivity by measuring S* at 0.07% strain and ensuring you obtain measurable values of at least 0.0200 N-dm.\u00a0 Alpha Technologies <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alpha-technologies.com\/instruments\/premier-rpa\/\">Premier RPA<\/a> has been verified to meet these exacting requirements.<\/p><p>To obtain more insight and further investigate or validate the Payne effect for reinforcing fillers, the fractional recovery of G\u2019 methodology developed by rubber scientist A. Y. Coran should be explored.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/A-Y-Coran-2064557616\">The Coran method<\/a>\u00a0provides additional data for filler dispersion in the rubber matrix and can be easily obtained using the Premier RPA.\u00a0<\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For more information about testing for the Payne effect, watch the short video below from a past lecture on the topic.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8085a5 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"e8085a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/OdY_6LxjIq8&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87d2b48 ot-traditional elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d2b48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8ff2cb ot-flex-column-vertical\" data-id=\"e8ff2cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a09896b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-bottom ot-traditional elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a09896b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ef113a ot-flex-column-vertical\" data-id=\"9ef113a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3f4d24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3f4d24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec5f2d4 ot-traditional elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec5f2d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-da3b6bc ot-flex-column-vertical\" data-id=\"da3b6bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7544b05 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7544b05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/blog\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">More Thought Leadership<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"excerpt-author\">Author Dilip Dhupia Application Engineer, India<\/span> Dispersion of fillers is crucial and often a challenge for rubber processors. Measuring the Payne effect of [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":13801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[173,135,134,21],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-1263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-rubber-process-analyzer","tag-rubber-quality","tag-payne-effect","tag-rpa"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1263"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15857,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1263\/revisions\/15857"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1263"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alphatechnologies.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=1263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}